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tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp02a | All organisms need energy to survive. They release energy from their food by the process of respiration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp02b | This process uses oxygen from the air and produces the waste gas, carbon dioxide."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp02c | It is the function of the breathing system to exchange these gases between the air and the blood; taking in oxygen and excreting carbon dioxide."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp02d | The lungs are in the upper part of the body called the thorax."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp02e | They are protected by the ribcage."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp02f | Place the mouse pointer over the parts of the breathing system for a brief description of each. Click on Next when ready to continue."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp03a | Your nose and air passages, such as the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles are lined with mucous membrane."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp03b | This is a layer of special cells, which produce a sticky fluid called mucus."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp03c | The mucus traps dirt and germs in the air you breathe."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp03d | Tiny hairs called cilia move the mucus to the back of your throat where it is swallowed."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp03e | The mucus and cilia keep the lungs clean and reduce the chance of infections."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp04a | There are two sets of muscles that help you to breathe in and out - the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp04b | The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp04c | The diaphragm separates the thorax from the abdomen."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp05a | Breathing in is called inhalation."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp05b | When you breathe in, the intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribcage up and outwards."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp05c | At the same time, the diaphragm contracts and becomes flatter."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp05d | These movements increase the volume of the thorax so the pressure decreases and air is pushed into the lungs through the nose and mouth."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp05e | Breathing out is called exhalation."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp05f | When you breathe out, the intercostal muscles relax so the ribcage moves down and inwards."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp05g | The diaphragm relaxes becoming dome-shaped."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp05h | These movements decrease the volume of the thorax so the pressure increases and air is pushed out of the lungs."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp06PQ | "

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp07a | The function of the breathing or gas exchange system is to move air, containing oxygen, into the lungs."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp07b | The air, rich in carbon dioxide, is moved out of the lungs."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp08a | Limewater can be used to test for carbon dioxide."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp08b | When carbon dioxide is bubbled through limewater, it turns from clear to cloudy or milky."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp08c | This experiment shows that exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than inhaled air."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp08d | The carbon dioxide breathed out is a waste product of respiration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp08e | By breathing onto a mirror, you can show that water vapour is breathed out."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp08f | If you test this vapour with a piece of cobalt chloride paper, it will turn from blue to pink."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp08g | This shows that the liquid on the mirror is water."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp09a | You can compare the percentage of gases in inhaled and exhaled air."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp09b | The percentage of nitrogen doesn’t change because the body doesn’t use nitrogen."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp09c | The percentage of oxygen in exhaled air is reduced because it is used in respiration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp09d | The percentage of carbon dioxide increases because it is produced in respiration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp09e | The amount of water in inhaled air depends on where you are, but you exhale more water vapour because this is also produced during respiration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp09f | Exhaled air is also warmer and cleaner than inhaled air."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp09g | Heat energy is produced during respiration and particles of dirt are trapped by the mucus and cilia lining the air passages."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp10PQ | "

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp11a | Gas exchange is the movement of oxygen from the lungs into the blood and the movement of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction, from the blood into the lungs to be excreted."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp11b | Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp11c | The gases move by a process called diffusion."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp11d | Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area where it is in high concentration to an area of lower concentration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp11e | This is called a concentration gradient."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp11f | The bigger the difference in concentration, the steeper the concentration gradient and the faster the rate of diffusion."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp11g | Oxygen and carbon dioxide are small molecules so they can diffuse across cell membranes."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp11h | What will happen to the oxygen in this animation? Will it diffuse to the left of the membrane, to the right of the membrane or will there be no net movement of oxygen? Click on the answer you think is correct."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp12a | The lungs have millions of alveoli that are situated at the ends of the bronchioles."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp12b | These alveoli are specially adapted for their function of gas exchange."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lhp13a | The large number of alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange. This means that a lot of gas can diffuse at the same time."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lhp13b | The alveoli have a moist lining so the oxygen dissolves first, speeding up diffusion into the blood."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lhp13c | The walls of the alveoli are one cell thick so the gases don’t have far to travel and diffuse more quickly."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lhp13d | The alveoli have a good blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient, and to transport the gases quickly to and from the lungs."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp14a | Gases enter and leave the blood through capillaries, which have walls that are only one cell thick."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp14b | Once the oxygen has diffused from the alveoli into the blood, it attaches to the red blood cells to be transported to the respiring tissues."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp14c | The red blood cells are packed with a red pigment called haemoglobin, to which the oxygen attaches, forming oxyhaemoglobin."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp14d | Blood leaving the lungs is rich in oxygen, and is called oxygenated blood."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp14e | The oxyhaemoglobin splits up at the tissues, releasing the oxygen from the red blood cells."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp14f | The oxygen then diffuses out of the blood, across the capillary walls into the cells."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp15a | Carbon dioxide is produced by respiring cells in the tissues. It must be removed quickly because it is poisonous."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp15b | It diffuses out of the tissues into the blood where it dissolves in plasma and is transported to the lungs where it is breathed out."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp15c | This blood, which has a high concentration of carbon dioxide and a low concentration of oxygen, is called deoxygenated blood."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp15d | The excretion of carbon dioxide helps to keep the internal concentration of the gas in the cells and tissues of the body fairly constant and so is an example of homeostasis."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp16a | Respiration is one of the seven life processes carried out by all living organisms, plants, and animals."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp16b | It is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in all living cells to release energy from food."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp16c | The energy released is used for all life processes."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp16d | Energy enables muscles to contract."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp16e | Energy is needed for growth."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp16f | It is used to maintain a steady body temperature."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp16g | Energy is also needed to build up larger molecules from smaller ones."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp16h | Energy is needed for the active transport of mineral salts from the soil by plants and of sugar from the intestine or kidney tubule in animals."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lhp17a | Like all chemical reactions in living organisms, respiration is controlled by enzymes."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lhp17b | The reactions for respiration take place inside organelles called mitochondria which are found in the cytoplasm of cells."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lhp17c | Cells, such as muscle cells, which use a lot of energy, contain a lot of mitochondria."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp18a | Respiration usually occurs in the presence of oxygen."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp18b | This is called aerobic respiration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp18c | The reactants for aerobic respiration are glucose and oxygen."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp18d | The products are carbon dioxide and water."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp18e | Aerobic respiration releases a lot of energy."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp19a | Aerobic respiration can be compared to burning or combustion."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp19b | Both reactions release energy from a fuel."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp19c | Both use oxygen and release carbon dioxide."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp19d | The main difference between the two reactions is the rate at which they release energy."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp19e | Respiration releases energy more slowly than burning, and its rate can be controlled."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp20PQ | "

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp21a | During exercise, your muscles need more energy - energy that is released from glucose during respiration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp21b | The rate of oxygen consumption can be used as an estimate of the metabolic rate."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp21c | Very active people need more energy, so their rate of respiration or metabolic rate is higher than that of an inactive person."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp21d | When you are asleep at night, your body is still active."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp21e | Breathing, repairing cells, and fighting infections all involve important chemical reactions which keep you alive."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp21f | Energy from respiration is needed to keep these reactions going - they carry on non-stop."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp22a | In plants, some of the glucose produced during photosynthesis is used in respiration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp22b | Some of the energy is used by the plant for growth, and some is used to warm up the plant."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp22c | Respiration takes place throughout both day and night."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp22d | The poisonous carbon dioxide produced escapes from the plant during the night, but during daylight hours it is used in photosynthesis."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp22e | Most plants grow badly when their roots don’t have enough oxygen for respiration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp22f | If fields flood after heavy rain, plants can die because there is insufficient oxygen present in the soil for the roots to respire and produce the energy required for active transport."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp22g | Aquatic plants are adapted to grow in waterlogged conditions as their roots can respire without oxygen."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp23a | Imagine you are running a race."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp23b | Your muscle cells will need a lot of energy so your breathing rate increases to provide more oxygen."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp23c | Your heart rate increases to transport oxygen and glucose to the respiring muscle cells more rapidly."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp23d | If your heart and lungs can’t supply the oxygen fast enough, the muscle cells will begin to respire anaerobically to produce more energy."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp24a | Anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp24b | During anaerobic respiration in animals, glucose is broken down into lactic acid, and a small amount of energy is released."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp24c | It produces far less energy than aerobic respiration because the glucose is not completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water, so not all the stored energy is released."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp24d | The lactic acid produced is toxic and causes the muscles to ache. In high concentrations it causes cramp."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp24e | The cramp disappears as the lactic acid dissolves in the plasma of blood, and is taken to the liver."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp24f | After you stop exercising, you continue to breathe deeply."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp24g | This is to supply enough oxygen to combine with the lactic acid in order to oxidise it to carbon dioxide and water. A small amount of energy is released."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp24h | The amount of oxygen required to break down the lactic acid formed during exercise is called the oxygen debt."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp24i | Remember!  All these reactions are controlled by enzymes."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp25PQ | "

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp26a | Some organisms can respire without oxygen. This is called anaerobic respiration."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp26b | The end products of anaerobic respiration vary in different organisms."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp26c | In yeast, sugar is converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide in a process called fermentation."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp26d | Fermentation is useful for making beer and wine."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp26e | It is important to keep the yeast at the right temperature."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp26f | If the temperature is too cold, the yeast won’t grow."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp26g | If the temperature is too hot the enzymes in the yeast are destroyed."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp27a | We also use fermentation in making bread."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp27b | The important product in this case is the carbon dioxide, which gets trapped in the dough and makes the bread rise."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp27c | The yeast is killed, when the dough is baked in a hot oven."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp27d | Bacteria use fermentation to produce yoghurt from milk."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp27e | The bacteria convert the lactose sugar in milk to lactic acid."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp27f | This gives yoghurt its slightly sour taste."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp28a | Tobacco smoke contains many harmful chemicals including nicotine, which is a poisonous, addictive drug."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp28b | It also damages the heart, blood vessels and nerves."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp28c | Smokers become addicted to nicotine, and so find it hard to give up smoking."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp28d | Tar causes lung cancer and other types of cancers."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp28e | This has been proved by comparing the numbers of smokers and non-smokers who develop cancer."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp29a | Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp29b | It reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried in the blood by irreversibly combining with the haemoglobin in red blood cells."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp29c | In pregnant women, this can deprive the developing foetus of oxygen resulting in a low birth mass or a premature birth."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp29d | Tiny particles in the smoke get trapped in the lining of the trachea and bronchial tubes and extra mucus is produced."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp29e | Chemicals in the smoke paralyse the tiny cilia, which normally clear the mucus out of the air passages. The only way to clear this is by coughing."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp29f | Because the lungs cannot be kept clean, smokers often develop bronchitis and chest infections."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp29g | Repeated coughing causes the delicate walls of the alveoli to be damaged, which reduces the surface area for gas exchange."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp29h | This is one of the reasons why smokers are often short of breath."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp29i | The lungs can develop large holes, which blow up like balloons. This condition is called emphysema."


tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "b04lfp30 | "

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