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tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp02a | We come across acids and alkalis everyday."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp02b | To test if something is an acid or an alkali, we can measure its pH."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp02c | What is the pH of the following substances? Drag the correct pH to the correct substance."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp03a | Common table salt and citric acid crystals extracted from lemon juice are used to flavour food."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp03b | Caustic soda is often used to clear drains blocked by grease."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp03c | All three substances look very similar, are white crystalline solids and dissolve in water to form colourless solutions."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp03d | However, lemon juice is an acidic solution, caustic soda forms an alkaline solution, and salt solution is neutral."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp04a | Acids and alkalis often look the same, so how can chemists tell the difference?"
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp04b | Some substances change colour when added to an acidic or alkaline solution."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp04c | These substances are called indicators because they indicate whether a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp04d | The indicators may be in the form of a solution or as paper strips."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp04e | Litmus solution and litmus paper can be used to show if something is acidic or alkaline."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp05a | Different acids and alkalis have different strengths."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp05b | For example, lemon juice at pH 3 is safe enough to put on your tongue even though it has a bitter taste."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp05c | Lemon juice is a weak acid, but sulphuric acid in car batteries is a strong acid and is far too harmful to swallow."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp05d | The strengths of acids and alkalis can be compared using the pH scale."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp05e | The pH of a solution can be found by using universal indicator."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp05f | It is a mixture of dyes that can be used as paper or as a solution. It changes colour at different pH values."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp06a | All acids are soluble in water, corrosive, have pH numbers less than 7 and produce H<sup>+</sup> ions in solution in water."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp06b | The more H<sup>+</sup> ions there are in a solution, the more acidic it is, so the lower the pH number."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp06c | Acids also conduct electricity. This shows that acids contain charged particles called ions. Ions can be positively or negatively charged."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp06d | When a current is passed through an acid it is electrolysed or split up. The acid decomposes and hydrogen gas is produced."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp07a | Acids react with alkalis to produce a salt and water. This is a neutralisation reaction."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp07b | Acids react with metals to produce hydrogen gas. This is a displacement reaction."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp07c | Metals, like sodium, near the top of the reactivity series react dangerously fast."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp07d | In displacement reactions, when a metal takes the place of hydrogen in an acid, the compound that forms is called a salt."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp08a | When testing for hydrogen, a lighted splint is held into the mouth of a test-tube."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp08b | The hydrogen burns in air with a squeaky pop."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp08c | Acids also react with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp08d | When testing for carbon dioxide, the gas is passed through limewater. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp09a | Alkalis are the chemical opposites of acids."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp09b | They have a soapy feel. They are corrosive - strong alkalis can damage flesh - and their pH numbers are greater than 7."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp09c | Alkalis produce OH<sup>-</sup> ions in solution in water. Click on the graphic of the beaker to see how ions in sodium hydroxide solution are produced."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp09d | In ammonia solution, ammonia molecules react with water molecules to form ions."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp09e | The more OH<sup>-</sup> ions there are in a solution, the more alkaline it is, so the higher the pH number."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp09f | Like acids, alkalis also conduct electricity. This shows that they contain charged particles called ions. Ions can be positively or negatively charged."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp10a | Alkalis react with acids, producing a salt and water."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp10b | This reaction is a neutralisation reaction."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp11a | When a bee stings you, it injects an acid into your skin."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp11b | You can treat bee stings by bathing them with sodium bicarbonate."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp11c | This is a weak alkali that neutralises acids in the sting."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp11d | When a wasp stings you, it injects an alkali into your skin. You can treat wasp stings with vinegar."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp11e | This is a weak acid that neutralises alkalis in the sting."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp11f | Most plants like to grow in soils that have a pH of slightly less than 7."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp11g | Some garden soils are too acidic so gardeners use lime, a weak alkali, to neutralise the soil."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp11h | Excess hydrochloric acid in your stomach causes pain."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp11i | Indigestion remedies, such as sodium hydrogen carbonate, neutralise the excess hydrochloric acid."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp12PQ | "

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp13a | In a neutralisation reaction, acids react with alkalis to make a neutral salt and water."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp13b | A neutralisation reaction is exothermic, it gives out heat, so the temperature of the solution will rise."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp13c | The alkali neutralises the acid by removing its H<sup>+</sup> ions, and turning them into water."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp13d | The symbol equation can also be rewritten as an ionic equation."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp13e | You will notice that some ions are unchanged in this reaction. The Cl<sup>-</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> ions are called spectator ions, because they are not involved in the reaction."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp13f | We can rewrite this ionic equation to describe neutralisation for any acid with any alkali, by leaving out the spectator ions."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp14PQ | "

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp15a | An alkali can neutralise an acid by removing the H<sup>+</sup> ions and converting them to water. But alkalis are not the only compounds that can neutralise acids."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp15b | Acids can also be neutralised by metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, metal hydrogen carbonates, and ammonia solution."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp15c | These compounds are called bases."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp15d | Alkalis are soluble bases."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp15e | These neutralisation reactions always produce a salt."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp15f | The salts of sulphuric acid are called sulphates."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp15g | The salts of hydrochloric acid are called chlorides."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp15h | The salts of nitric acid are called nitrates."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp16a | For most people salt is a substance you put on fish and chips."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp16b | This salt is called sodium chloride, NaCl."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp16c | However, there are many other salts, like bath salts and salts that are taken as a remedy for indigestion."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp16d | Iron sulphate is a salt that is used as a moss killer on lawns and calcium sulphate is used for making Plaster of Paris."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp16e | Salt is the name given to a group of compounds that are made when an acid reacts with a base."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp16f | For example, copper sulphate is made by adding the insoluble base, copper oxide to sulphuric acid."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp16g | The mixture is then warmed resulting in a blue solution."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp16h | More copper oxide is added until no more will dissolve. This means all the acid has been used up."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp16i | The excess solid is removed by filtering. The clear solution of copper sulphate produced is then heated to evaporate the water."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp17a | It is possible to make sodium chloride by adding hydrochloric acid to sodium hydroxide."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp17b | Both the reactants are soluble, so it is difficult to know when the reaction is over."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp17c | Using an indicator shows when all the alkali has been neutralised by the acid."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp17d | A trial neutralisation, called a titration, is first carried out to find out how much hydrochloric acid is needed to neutralise the sodium hydroxide."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp17e | Acid is slowly added to a measured volume of alkali using a burette until the indicator changes colour."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp17f | This is called the end-point."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp17g | The neutralisation is then repeated without the indicator, because if the indicator was left it would make the salt impure."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp18a | Nitric acid and zinc carbonate can be used to make zinc nitrate."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp18b | When zinc carbonate is added to nitric acid, it dissolves and carbon dioxide bubbles off."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp18c | More zinc carbonate is added until no more will dissolve, even with heating."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp18d | The excess zinc carbonate is removed by filtering."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp18e | The salt, ammonium chloride can be made when ammonia solution, reacts with hydrochloric acid."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp19PQ | "

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp20a | Ordinary salt, sodium chloride, has many uses."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp20b | It is used for flavouring and preserving food, and also on icy roads to lower the freezing point of water."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp20c | Many other things are manufactured in the chlor-alkali industry using substances obtained from salt."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp20d | Sodium chloride can be made by putting hot sodium, a reactive alkali metal, into chlorine, a reactive and poisonous gas."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp20e | A violent exothermic reaction results in the formation of sodium chloride, a white crystalline solid known as common salt."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp20f | Salt occurs naturally in solution in sea water, and in beds of rock underground. This rock salt can either be dug out of the ground or extracted by dissolving it in water to make brine."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp21a | Salt is an ionic compound."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp21b | When it is dissolved in water, it splits up into its ions, Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>, which are free to move about."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp21c | Because of this salt in water conducts electricity."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp21d | This is used in industry to split brine apart by the process of electrolysis."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp22a | When brine or sodium chloride solution is electrolysed, three useful products are made."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp22b | Chlorine gas forms at the positive electrode."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp22c | Chlorine is used to kill bacteria in tap water and swimming pools, to make disinfectants, bleach, hydrochloric acid, solvents for dry cleaning and plastics such as PVC."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp22d | Hydrogen gas forms at the negative electrode."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp22e | Hydrogen is used to make ammonia for fertilisers, and change oils into fats for margarine and chocolate."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp22f | Sodium hydroxide is left in solution."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp22g | This strong alkali is used to make soap, paper, ceramics and in aluminium extraction. It is also used in oven cleaners."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp23PQ | "

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp24a | Chlorine is used in the production of chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, which are used in aerosols, packaging foams, fridges, air-conditioning units and as solvents in dry cleaning."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp24b | CFCs sometimes escape into the atmosphere, where they trigger a chain reaction that destroys ozone, O<sub>3</sub> breaking it down to oxygen, O<sub>2</sub>."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp24c | This causes holes in the ozone layer so more of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation can reach Earth, causing skin cancer and cataracts."
tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp24d | Because of this many chlorine compounds have been banned."

tempArray[arrayIndex++] = "c03lfp25 | "

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